Fig. 1

Time series of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes and climatic factors. Time series of climatic factors, and soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes at Hobq Desert (Inner Mongolia, China) in 2017 and 2018. The top panel shows precipitation and air temperature in the study area, the bottom two panels show soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes at the control, algal, lichen, and moss sites. Data are shown as means with standard errors