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Table 5 Coefficient estimates

From: Forecasting CO2 emissions in BRICS countries using the grey breakpoint prediction models

Model

Coefficient estimates

GM

a = − 0.0442, b = 1743.1920

FGM

r = 0.8975, a = − 0.0270, b = 1610.2394

GBPM

t = 10, a = − 0.0479, b = 1712.8329, c = − 77.5731

OGBPM

t = 10, a = − 0.0479, b = 1712.8329, c = 735.5023, ε = 0.0370

NOGBPM

t = 10, a = − 0.0479, b = 1714.2486, c = 734.2379, ε = 0.0371, α = 0.4830, β = 0.4990

NGBPM

t = 3, a = − 0.0426, b = 1700.1889, c = 65.4274, α = 0.4964, β = 0.5476

AGBPM

t = 10, a = − 0.0477, b = 1716.2077, ε = 0.0061, α = 0.4950, β = 1